A remarkable quotation from the Book, named, ``THE GOLDEN BOUGH'' written by Sir James Frazer; has been cited in the International Encyclopedia as follows, which may give our dear reader some good information about magic and magician:ِ

      Magic is irrational practices believed to influence man's relation to his environment, both human and non human. Magic is often contrasted with religion, and it is physical rather than spiritual in nature. Magic does not depend on supernatural assistance as religion does. Magic is believed to compel a desired result, where as in religion a higher power is asked for help.

      Medieval magic involved belief in a spiritual agency, like Devil or Jinns. Magic incantations often contain references to ancestors. In ancient Babylon, religion sacrifices was believed to be compelling in effect.

      Sir James Frazer's theory of the origin of magic, and its functions, held that magic was primitive man's science, because of its materialistic and mechanical conceptions. But science represents a body of method and theory which primitive man lacks.

      It can also be pointed out that, non literate people do not confuse magic with whatever empirical knowledge through experiences they do possess. That is to say; spells, rites, and incantations, may be considered necessary condition for success, but they are not sufficient conditions. For example, in gardening, spells are used in the belief that, they are needed to make plants grow, but they do not replace planting and weeding.

      Belief in the effectiveness of magic in carrying out harmful actions, and also following positive aims, is found in many illiterate societies, and by no means unknown in literate cultures.

      Magic is in fact the guile of magician, that may work for a number of reasons; like the MEANS USED. As an instance poisons are themselves effective, but are understood in magical terms. Magic may be used along with empirically productive actions, such as the work of gardening that makes plants grow, but the credit is given to spells.

      Coincidence too, accounts for the apparent power of some magic. Magic does have a psychological effect. The belief that he is helped by a spell, may enable a man to perform a difficult feat and notable deed.

      Black magic which is also called sorcery, is the hostile and harmful action, as carried out by professional practitioners to separate a woman from a man, or to replace a hatred for love in two hearts. Techniques of sorcery vary widely, including the use of spells and various objects and substances.

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